by Ioana Mariana Has 1, Teleky Bernadette-Emőke Teleky 2,3, Katalin Szabo 2,3, Elemer Simon 2,3, Floricuta Ranga 3, Zorita Maria Diaconeasa 3, Anamaria Lavinia Purza 4, Dan-Cristian Vodnar 2,3,*, Delia Mirela Titand 4,* and Maria Nitescu 5
1 Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
2 Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3 Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
5 Department of Preclinical–Complementary Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
*Correspondence: (D.-C.V.); (D.M.T.)
Molecules 2023, 28, 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073099 Received: 24 February 2023 / Revised: 25 March 2023 / Accepted: 28 March 2023 / Published: 30 March 2023
Abstract
Due to its abundance of physiologically active ingredients, one of the oldest medicinal herbs, elderberry (EB) Sambucus nigra L., is beneficial for both therapeutic and dietary purposes. This study determined the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds and the prebiotic potential of the polyphenols from freeze-dried EB powder (FDEBP), along with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of this extract. The most significant phenolic compounds in black EB are represented by anthocyanins (41.8%), predominating cyanidin-sambubiosides and cyanidin-glucosides (90.1% of the identified anthocyanins). The FRAP assay obtained the highest antioxidant activity value (185 ± 0.18 μmol Fe2+/g DW). The most sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of the extract was proven to be Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.95 mg/mL. To determine the prebiotic potential of the polyphenols, the cell growth of five probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum and Saccharomyces boulardii) was tested. The influence on cell growth was positive for all five probiotic strains used. Overall, the most significant increase (p < 0.05) was recorded at 1.5% FDEBP, on L. casei with a growth index (GI) of 152.44%, very closely followed by GI at 0.5% and 1% concentrations. The stability of the total phenolic compounds through simulated gastronitestinal digestion was increased (93%), and the bioaccessibility was also elevated (75%).
Keywords: elderberry; polyphenols; bioaccessibility; gastrointestinal digestion; prebiotic potential
